Comprehensive genomic characterization defines human glioblastoma genes and core pathways
Human cancer cells typically harbour multiple chromosomal aberrations, nucleotide substitutions and epigenetic modifications that drive malignant transformation. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pilot project aims to assess the value of large-scale multi-dimensional analysis of these molecular characteristics in human cancer and to provide the data rapidly to the research community.
Here we report the interim integrative analysis of DNA copy number, gene expression and DNA methylation aberrations in 206 glioblastomas–the most common type of adult brain cancer–and nucleotide sequence aberrations in 91 of the 206 glioblastomas. This analysis provides new insights into the roles of ERBB2, NF1 and TP53, uncovers frequent mutations of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase regulatory subunit gene PIK3R1, and provides a network view of the pathways altered in the development of glioblastoma.
Rabbit Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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AE39296RB-48T | Abebio | 48T | EUR 360 |
Description: Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) |
Rabbit Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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AE39296RB-96T | Abebio | 96T | EUR 680 |
Description: Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) |
Rabbit Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit HSP-40 (Heat Shock Protein 40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit HSP-40 (Heat Shock Protein 40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit HSP-40 (Heat Shock Protein 40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit HSP-40 (Heat Shock Protein 40) ELISA Kit |
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Rabbit HSP-40 (Heat Shock Protein 40) ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40(HSP-40) Elisa Kit |
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EK720496 | AFG Bioscience LLC | 96 Wells | EUR 0.57 |
Rat heat shock protein 40,hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40,hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40,hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40(hSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40(hSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40(hSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40(hSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Rat Heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40(hSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40,hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40, hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40, hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40, hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40, hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat Heat Shock Protein 40, hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat Heat Shock Protein 40, hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat Heat Shock Protein 40, hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Rat Heat Shock Protein 40, hSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Pig Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Pig Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Pig Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Pig Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Rat heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Goat Heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Goat heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Goat heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Goat heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Goat heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Fish Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Fish Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Fish Heat Shock Protein 40 (HSP-40) ELISA Kit |
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Goat heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40,Hsp-40 Elisa Kit |
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EK730170 | AFG Bioscience LLC | 96 Wells | EUR 0.66 |
Human Heat Shock Protein 40(HSP-40) Elisa Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40,Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40,Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40,Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40,Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40(HSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40(HSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40(Hsp-40)ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40(Hsp-40)ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40(Hsp-40)ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40(Hsp-40)ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40(HSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40(HSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Human heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40)ELISA Kit |
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NSL1987Hu | Sunlong | 96 wells | EUR 468 |
Mouse heat shock protein 40(hSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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QY-E20713 | Qayee Biotechnology | 96T | EUR 433.2 |
Human Heat Shock Protein 40(HSP-40)ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40,Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40, Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40, Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40, Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40, Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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MBS9302750-96StripWells | MyBiosource | 96-Strip-Wells | EUR 765 |
Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40, Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40, Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40, Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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MBS165276-5x96StripWells | MyBiosource | 5x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 2005 |
Mouse Heat Shock Protein 40, Hsp-40 ELISA Kit |
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MBS165276-96StripWells | MyBiosource | 96-Strip-Wells | EUR 475 |
Human Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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MBS163209-10x96StripWells | MyBiosource | 10x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 3460 |
Human Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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MBS163209-48StripWells | MyBiosource | 48-Strip-Wells | EUR 285 |
Human Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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MBS163209-5x96StripWells | MyBiosource | 5x96-Strip-Wells | EUR 1750 |
Human Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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MBS163209-96StripWells | MyBiosource | 96-Strip-Wells | EUR 425 |
Human heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Human heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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MBS262312-48StripWells | MyBiosource | 48-Strip-Wells | EUR 285 |
Human heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Human heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Mouse heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Mouse heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Mouse heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Mouse heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Human heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Mouse heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Human Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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201-12-1770 | Shanghai Sunred Biological Technology | 96 tests | EUR 528 |
Description: A quantitative ELISA kit for measuring Human in samples from biological fluids. |
Bovine Heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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NSL0396Bo | Sunlong | 96 T | EUR 528 |
Canine Heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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NSL0472Ca | Sunlong | 567 wells | EUR 528 |
Canine heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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MBS2605638-48StripWells | MyBiosource | 48-Strip-Wells | EUR 310 |
Canine heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Canine heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Canine heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Bovine heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Bovine heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Bovine heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Bovine heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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MBS2609290-96StripWells | MyBiosource | 96-Strip-Wells | EUR 475 |
Bovine heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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EK751034 | AFG Bioscience LLC | 96 Wells | EUR 0.87 |
Chicken Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Chicken Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Porcine Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Porcine Heat Shock Protein 40,HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Porcine Heat shock protein 40(Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Porcine Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Porcine Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Chicken Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Chicken Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Chicken Heat Shock Protein 40, HSP-40 ELISA Kit |
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Porcine heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Porcine heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Porcine heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Porcine heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Chicken heat shock protein 40 (Hsp-40) ELISA Kit |
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Furthermore, integration of mutation, DNA methylation and clinical treatment data reveals a link between MGMT promoter methylation and a hypermutator phenotype consequent to mismatch repair deficiency in treated glioblastomas, an observation with potential clinical implications. Together, these findings establish the feasibility and power of TCGA, demonstrating that it can rapidly expand knowledge of the molecular basis of cancer.
The sequence of the human genome
A 2.91-billion base pair (bp) consensus sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome was generated by the whole-genome shotgun sequencing method. The 14.8-billion bp DNA sequence was generated over 9 months from 27,271,853 high-quality sequence reads (5.11-fold coverage of the genome) from both ends of plasmid clones made from the DNA of five individuals. Two assembly strategies-a whole-genome assembly and a regional chromosome assembly-were used, each combining sequence data from Celera and the publicly funded genome effort.
The public data were shredded into 550-bp segments to create a 2.9-fold coverage of those genome regions that had been sequenced, without including biases inherent in the cloning and assembly procedure used by the publicly funded group. This brought the effective coverage in the assemblies to eightfold, reducing the number and size of gaps in the final assembly over what would be obtained with 5.11-fold coverage. The two assembly strategies yielded very similar results that largely agree with independent mapping data. The assemblies effectively cover the euchromatic regions of the human chromosomes.
More than 90% of the genome is in scaffold assemblies of 100,000 bp or more, and 25% of the genome is in scaffolds of 10 million bp or larger. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed 26,588 protein-encoding transcripts for which there was strong corroborating evidence and an additional approximately 12,000 computationally derived genes with mouse matches or other weak supporting evidence.
Although gene-dense clusters are obvious, almost half the genes are dispersed in low G+C sequence separated by large tracts of apparently noncoding sequence. Only 1.1% of the genome is spanned by exons, whereas 24% is in introns, with 75% of the genome being intergenic DNA. Duplications of segmental blocks, ranging in size up to chromosomal lengths, are abundant throughout the genome and reveal a complex evolutionary history. Comparative genomic analysis indicates vertebrate expansions of genes associated with neuronal function, with tissue-specific developmental regulation, and with the hemostasis and immune systems.
DNA sequence comparisons between the consensus sequence and publicly funded genome data provided locations of 2.1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A random pair of human haploid genomes differed at a rate of 1 bp per 1250 on average, but there was marked heterogeneity in the level of polymorphism across the genome. Less than 1% of all SNPs resulted in variation in proteins, but the task of determining which SNPs have functional consequences remains an open challenge.